6个回答

为什么英国陆军没有皇家的前缀,但是有英国皇家来复枪团?

不是路人君
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泻药,我记得邀请过也回答过,答案其实非常简单,因为陆军作为一个整体就不是王家的,而是国家的。但是海空军则不同,在建立时海军是王权的,空军是王家的。虽然三军名义上是武装力量的分支之三,名义上国王都是武装力量的首脑,但是实际上后两者的组织结构要紧凑清晰地多。当然Uk自己的报纸也傻傻搞不清楚就非常可爱了。

最近比较懒不想多写,我直接贴一点前人早就写得很清楚的(但是没人在乎)的东西。

首先,在最初,既没有海军,也没有陆军,也没有皇家。

陆军在中世纪是召集的封建军队,而海军,David Loades在他的The Tudor Navy里面说:

‘During the intervening years the king had owned ships, which had been operated on his behalf, but there had been no office with responsibility for their management, and consequently no naval administration. The reasons for that unusual situation lay partly in the disturbed domestic politics of the period – the so-called Wars of the Roses – and partly in the nature of the medieval navy itself. It could be said that the navy of the thirteenth or fourteenth century was like the parliament – less an institution than an event. The word itself was used, not to describe the royal fleet but the entire maritime resources of the realm. When a ‘navy royal’ was assembled, it was for some specific military purpose (usually an invasion of France) and consisted to only a very small extent of the king’s own ships.’
‘在中间这些年里(译者注:1452年到1480年间)国王虽然有自己的船只,这些船只也确以他的名号运行,但是却不存在进行管理的官职,所以自然也没有海军管理机构。其中的原因一部分是因为这一时期内国内政治的动荡,也就是所谓的玫瑰战争,一部分则源于中世纪海军的本质。十三和十四世纪的海军可以说和议会非常类似——与其说是一个机构,不如说是一种事件。这个词本身并不是用来形容王家舰队,而是用来形容整个王国的海上资源。当一支“王家海军”被集合起来的时候,往往有特定的军事目的(大多数时候是为了入侵法国),其中只有一小部分是国王自己的船只。’

而王家舰队自己的主要目的也并不只是战斗,也包括经济活动,Loades继续说:

‘Such a system was feasible only because custom-built warships were virtually unknown. A fighting ship was created by taking a standard trading cog of between 100 and 300 tons, and building prefabricated wooden castles onto her stem and stern. A fighting top would also be added to her single mast. This work was carried out by teams of carpenters hired by the king for the purpose, when the impressed ships reached the port of assembly. When the service was completed, these additions were removed in the same way, and probably stored for future use. The majority of the king’s own ships were indistinguishable from these same merchantmen. When not needed for warlike purposes they were used to transport the king’s messengers and officials, and to bring Bordeaux wine or other goods for the use of the royal household. 4 They might also be leased out to private traders, and were converted for fighting in the same way.’
‘这个系统唯一可行的原因是因为在当时专门制造的作战舰艇几乎是闻所未闻的。一艘战舰往往是通过把一艘征召的100到300吨之间的标准贸易柯克船加装上木质首尾楼得来的。该舰的单桅上也会增加一个战斗平台。这些工作在征集的船只抵达以后,由国王为此雇佣的木匠们分工完成。当服役结束以后,这些新增的结构也会按照同样的方法拆掉。大多数国王自己的船只和征召来的商船之间没有不同。当不需要作战的时候,这些船只会被用来给国王的信使大臣们通勤,或者为王室运输波尔多红酒和其他物资。这些船只也可能会被租给私商们,这时会以同样的方式改装战斗能力。’

在都铎朝前,海军和陆军是一样的,并非国家强力机构,而是封建武装力量,或者说更接近于‘事件’,在需要时召集起来。王家海军指的并不是王家舰队,而是国王召集封臣组建的舰队。所以说虽然在这一时期虽然有‘国王/王家’的陆上战斗单位(无论是‘royal’,‘h.m.’还是‘King's xxx’),但是既没有‘皇家’,也没有现代意义上的海陆军。

而海空军获得‘皇家’这个头衔都发生在其组建时。

Sam McLean在The Royal Navy and the Four Nations 1660-1749里面说:

‘Following the Restoration of King Charles II to the English throne in 1660, the Royal Navy was defined through a combination of the creation of statute definitions and the creation or resumption of customs that created specific connections between the institution and England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland... ...First, the Act for the Establishing Articles, which provided the Royal Navy’s first legislative definitions. The second... ...following the Union of 1707
... ...
After the Restoration in 1660, Parliament was sufficiently concerned about the recreation of the office of Lord High Admiral and the use of royal prerogative that an Act was created that contained the Royal Navy’s Articles of War, but also placed strict limits on the Lord Admiral’s authority. The latter function was contained in this Proviso:
… That this Act or any thing or things therein conteyned shall not in any manner of wise extend to give unto the Lord High Admirall of England for the time being or to any his Vice Admiralls Judge or Judges of the Admiralty his or theire Deputy or Deputies or to any other the Officers or Ministers of the Admiralty or to any others having or claiming any Admirall Power Jurisdiction or Authority within this Realme and Wales or any other the Kings Dominions…
The proviso defined the Royal Navy as a jurisdiction, but also explicitly defined it as being external to England and Wales...This definition remained static until 1749...the proviso was significantly rewritten. The specific territorial references to England and Wales were completely removed. In their place, Article XXXIV extended the authority of the Admiralty to ‘any Part of his Majesty’s Dominions on Shore’, but only when pertaining to mutiny and desertion.
··· ···
After the Union of 1707, Scottish identities began to be incorporated into the Royal Navy’s definitions...
‘在查尔斯二世在1660年复辟英格兰王座后,皇家海军通过一系列地位定性和新设立或者重启的范例被定义起来,这些范例创造了许多英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰之间的特殊联系...首先是,the Act for Establishing Articles(创立法案),这提供了皇家海军的法律定义...其次是1707年的英格兰-苏格兰联盟···
‘在1660年复辟后,议会对于重设海军大臣(Lord High Admiral直译是海军总上将/无上将军)和王室特权的使用非常重视,于是设立了一份既包含了皇家海军的战时规章又严重限制了海军大臣权威的法案。后者的功能体现在下面的附录中:’
‘此法案及其中任何法案在任何情况下都不可将英格兰海军大臣或者其麾下任何海军中将、海军部任何裁判官、海军大臣或海军部任何代表或代表们或者任何其他海军部职能的官员拓展给其他人或者延伸到威尔士王国或者其他国王陛下的辖区中... ...’
这份附录将皇家海军定义成了一种仲裁范围,但是也非常明确地将其定义独立在了英格兰和威尔士之外...这个定义一直使用到了1794年...(此后)附录有较大改写,对于英格兰和苏格兰的特别之处被移除了,用第三十四条将海军部权威拓展到‘任何国王陛下的领土的海岸上’取得,随着这只在兵变或者逃兵时适用···
当1707年联合法令后,苏格兰身份也被融入到了皇家海军的定义之中··· ···’

这段原文虽然很清楚但是比较难翻而且很重要,简言之是这样的:当国王复辟之后议会和国王重新整理海军机构的时候,海军是直接通过王权这个主权来定义的。海军名义上的总指挥官,‘Lord High Admiral(海军大臣,或者按照我说的最简单的就是‘海军无上大将军’)’由王室充任;管辖王室的海上主权。

英格兰和威尔士海军,无论是地方舰队还是王家舰队还是议会舰队,都变成了王权定义的舰队,直接是‘王家’的。查尔斯二世后,王家舰队的战舰获得了‘H.M.S.(His/Her Majesty's Ship)’的舰首标,正式变成了‘王家战舰’,舰队也就是‘Royal Navy/王家海军’。我们通常译作皇家海军。当苏格兰,随后爱尔兰加入联盟之后,到爱尔兰退出联盟变成自治领再到退出帝国,澳新、南非印度、加拿大等等获得独立海军都是在这个基础上敲打的‘H.M.’海军。

换言之,皇家海军在法理上被清晰地建立起来时,用的是都铎时代的‘海上管辖’的理念,用的是国王的主权来定义的。

而皇家空军在这里是一样的。

直接来听UK政府怎么说,下面出自UK首相府和国家档案馆合编的‘政府历史,皇家空军的诞生’

... ...“The necessity for and Air Ministry and Air Staff has … become urgent.” Smuts submitted this second report on 17 August 1917 and the War Cabinet considered it on 24 August and, despite some opposition from the Navy and Army representatives, it was approved in principle. Much work on the details remained to be done, but the Air Force Constitution Act was passed on 23 November 1917, and given Royal Assent it passed into law on 29 November 1917. His Majesty King George V issued a Royal decree at St James’s Palace on 7 March 1918 stating the new Service was to be styled the “Royal Air Force”. The two separate air services were amalgamated to form the Royal Air Force with effect from 1 April 1918.
‘“组建航空部和空军参谋人员的任务···变得非常迫切”,Smuts在1917年提交了他的第二份报告而战时内阁在8月24日进行了讨论,虽然海军和陆军的代表表示反对,还是在原则上获得了通过。还有很多细节需要决定,但是Air Force Constitution Act(空军组建法案)在1917年11月23日通过,在得到国王许可后在1917年11月29日成为法律。国王陛下乔治五世在1918年3月7日在圣詹姆斯宫签署王家敕令,新的军种被命名为‘皇家空军’。两个独立的空军部队在1918年4月1日被正式合并为皇家空军。

如果说皇家海军是英王通过其王权所代表的主权指挥的‘王家’海军,皇家空军直接是国王自己组建的空军。上面的空军组建法案的第一条是这样说的:

Raising and number of Air Force.
It shall be lawful for His Majesty to raise and maintain a force, to be called the Air Force, consisting of such number of officers, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers, and men as may from time to time be provided by Parliament.’
‘组建空间和空军的规模’
‘国王陛下将可以合法地征召并维持一支被叫做空军的军队,包含由各个时期内国会许可的特定数量的军官、尉官、士官和其他人员。’

皇家空军是国王建立的。当然君主制变化至此皇家空军并不是国王私人钱包支出维持的,而是通过‘国王陛下的UK政府’来维持。但是这仍然是国王的军队,是真真正正的‘王军(皇家)’空军。

而陆军为什么没有经历这个过程,也就必须去看现代化陆军成立的时间点。经过了英国内战,理论上查尔斯二世应该急于重建一支‘王家陆军’才对——为什么今天不存在这样一支英王的陆军呢?

答案是因为查尔斯二世确实新组建了王党陆军,但是这是近卫军的前身。

David G Chandier和Ian Frederick WilliamBeckett主编的The Oxford History of the British Army是这样说的:

‘On the return of Charles II to England in May 1660, four British Armies existed. The core of the New Model Army under General George Monck was quartered in and around London; Sir William Lockhart commanded a brigade of the New Model Army in Dunkirk and Mardyke; Chales II's army of exiled Irisih and royalists was also billeted in Dunkirk; and there remained the Cromwellian garrison in Ireland. Charles and his lord chancellor, the Earl of Clarendon, viewed the New Model Army in all its guises as a potential threat to the restored monarthy and set about its demolition...
Charles favoured the foundation of a new army under royal control and was working towards an 'intended establishment' as early as August 1660...a large army was out of the question as Charles had insufficient money but a military royal household of "guards and garrisons" to protect the royal person and key points of the kingdom was both feasible and realistic...’
‘当1660年查尔斯二世回到英格兰的时候,总共有四支英国陆军。新模范军的核心由George Monck将军指挥,在伦敦和周围驻扎;William Lockhart爵士指挥着新模范军的一个分部在Dunkirk和Mardyke;查尔斯二世自己的爱尔兰和保王党流亡军也在Dunkirk屯驻,还有克伦威尔的爱尔兰守备队。查尔斯和他的财政大臣,Clarendon伯爵,把新模范军视为复辟的君主制的心腹大患,准备将其解散...’
‘查尔斯希望建立一支直接由王室控制的新陆军并且最早在1660年8月就开始朝着这一模式努力...(但是组建)一支大陆军是不可能的,因为查尔斯没有足够的资金。组建一支小的王室“卫队和守备军”来保护王室成员和王国中的关键位置,却不但可行而且现实... ...’

于是···就是这样的。

无论是皇家工程师,皇家海军,还是皇家空军,皇家坦克团——这些东西都是王家(皇家)建立或者授予的。三军之中,海军规范化的时候,经历的是从作为一种事件到作为一个国家机构的转型。查尔斯有王权在手,新定义的皇家海军是他的海军;

空军建立的时候,需要的只是在合并两个现有的武装力量。KG5有全国支持、Uk政府给他立法出钱,所以新组建的空军是他的空军;

但是查尔斯想要新建陆军的时候···

他啥都没有。

要法理,法理没有。现代化陆军也不是海军,经历了内战之后完全没有什么用管辖权在法律上进行定义这一说,这就是个国家组织,有你没你都是这么回事;

要政治环境,政治环境没有。陆军不是皇家空军这种世界范围内革新性的新合并而成,而是有提枪端矛的大兵等着吃饭的现有机构;KG5和战时内阁可以合并航空兵,查尔斯二世一句话能改组新模范军吗?

而要钱——他也没有。如果他有钱有条件可以甩开新模范军搞出来全新的一支陆军,那么今天搞不好真的会有‘皇家陆军’。但是他没有这个财政能力烧一支全新的陆军了。

那就···没有王家陆军了。

编辑于 2022-12-26 08:22・IP 属地英国
米凯勒 法比恩
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