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The collapse of the Soviet Union was a complex process caused by several interrelated factors:

Economic Stagnation: The Soviet economy had been sluggish for years, hampered by central planning and a lack of innovation. Reforms under Mikhail Gorbachev, like Perestroika, aimed to revitalize the economy but instead led to shortages and inflation.

Gorbachev's Reforms: While Gorbachev's policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) were intended to make the Soviet Union more efficient and responsive to its people, they also loosened the Communist Party's grip on power and emboldened nationalist movements in the various Soviet republics.

Rise of Nationalism: The loosening of central control allowed for the rise of nationalist movements within the Soviet Union's many republics. These groups, long simmering under Soviet rule, began to agitate for greater autonomy or even independence.

Failed Coup: In 1991, a hard-line faction of the Communist Party attempted a coup to remove Gorbachev from power and halt the reforms. The coup's failure, however, did the opposite. It exposed the weakness of the central government and emboldened the independence movements.

Dissolution: With the central government crumbling, several republics declared independence. By December 1991, the Soviet Union formally dissolved, replaced by a loose confederation of independent states.

These are some of the main reasons why the Soviet Union collapsed. It was a pivotal moment in history, marking the end of the Cold War and the reshaping of the world order.